Edinburgh City Pass: Which of the Three Is Worth It
An Edinburgh city pass only pays off in a narrow set of cases, and this page works out which ones with arithmetic rather than adjectives. Three products are sold: the Royal Edinburgh Ticket at £81 for 48 hours from Edinburgh Bus Tours, the Historic Scotland Explorer Pass at £48 for 14 days from Historic Environment Scotland, and the Edinburgh City Pass from £70 from a private operator called My Scottish Pass. The city itself sells none of them — there is no council card here, the way Florence or Paris has one, which is why this independent Edinburgh guide prices all three against the official singles rather than against each other. Every figure below was read on the seller's own site on 30 August 2026 and priced against the official single tickets on the Edinburgh tickets index. The short answer, which the rest of this page proves: most two-day visitors are better off paying separately.
Quick answer Three passes, the break-even figure for each, and who should skip them
The Royal Edinburgh Ticket costs £81 for 48 hours and covers Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse and the Royal Yacht Britannia plus three hop-on hop-off bus routes. Those three entries bought separately in advance come to £68.50, so on entries alone the pass loses by £12.50 — it only turns a profit once the £26 bus pass is something you would genuinely have bought.
Key takeaways
- Buy it if you will actually ride the buses: entries plus the three-route bus pass come to £94.50 against £81, a real saving of £13.50 — the pass card cancels free up to 24 hours before
- Do not buy it for a Tuesday or Wednesday outside high summer: the palace is shut those days with no alternative offered, and a third of the ticket disappears
- The Historic Scotland Explorer Pass at £48 for 14 days covers roughly 60 sites including Edinburgh Castle and Stirling, but excludes the palace, Holyrood Abbey and every National Trust for Scotland property
- The Edinburgh City Pass starts at £70 with a castle walking tour and £55 without; it is sold by a private company, not the council, and publishes only 'from' prices
- For most first-timers the honest answer is no pass at all — half of Edinburgh's headline sights are free and the two paid ones worth booking are cheaper bought singly
Key facts
Admission
- Adult
- Royal Edinburgh Ticket £81 (about $110); Explorer Pass £48 (about $65); Edinburgh City Pass from £70 with the castle, from £55 without (about $95 / $75)
- Reduced
- Royal Edinburgh Ticket senior 60+ £76, child 5–15 £43; Explorer Pass concession £39, child 7–15 £29, family £100 (about $103, $58, $53, $39, $136)
- Free
- Under-7s on the Explorer Pass, accompanied; under-5s on the Edinburgh City Pass, and 5–16s enter free on a child pass
Planning it
- Time needed
- 48 consecutive hours on the Royal Edinburgh Ticket; 14 consecutive days on the Explorer Pass; 1, 2 or 3 consecutive calendar days on the City Pass. The Palace of Holyroodhouse is closed Tuesdays and Wednesdays outside 21 May – 14 September, and every palace closure also closes Holyrood Abbey
- Book ahead
- Optional — walk-up usually fine
The three passes at their published rates, read on each seller's own site on 30 August 2026, with the platform card for the Royal Edinburgh Ticket beside it. The official rows link the sellers directly with no tracking on them; dollar figures are approximations at £1 = $1.36 and are never what you are charged.
| Option | Price | What it covers | Valid for | Book |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Royal Edinburgh Ticket, Edinburgh Bus Tours | £81 adult, £76 senior 60+, £43 child (about $110 / $103 / $58) | Castle, Holyroodhouse and Britannia, plus three bus routes | 48 consecutive hours | Official site |
| Historic Scotland Explorer Pass | £48 adult, £39 concession, £29 child, £100 family (about $65 / $53 / $39 / $136) | About 60 Historic Scotland sites; not the palace, not NTS | 14 consecutive days | Official site |
| Edinburgh City Pass, My Scottish Pass | From £70 with the castle tour, from £55 without (about $95 / $75) | "Access to 20 experiences" plus an open-return airport tram | 1, 2 or 3 consecutive calendar days | Official site |
| The same Royal Edinburgh Ticket, booked on a platform | £81 (about $110) | Identical inclusions; voucher exchanged at Waterloo Place | 48 hours, cancels free 24 hours out | Check Availability |
| Three-route bus pass with no attractions | £26 (about $35) | City Sightseeing, the Edinburgh Tour and the Majestic Tour | 24 or 48 hours, cancels free 24 hours out | Check Availability |
The three official rows are the sellers' own shops, linked plain. The platform card sells the identical Royal Edinburgh Ticket at the same £81 and adds a 24-hour cancellation that the operator's own terms do not state — the only difference between rows one and four.
Edinburgh passes and bus tickets compared
Every card opens the operator's own page, where the calendar shows what is available on your dates. Prices in pounds as listed on 30 August 2026, alongside the single tickets each pass is meant to replace — the arithmetic that decides between them is in the tables below.
from £81
Edinburgh: Royal Attractions with Hop-On Hop-Off Bus Tours
Three attractions and 48 hours of buses on one ticket, covering the castle, Britannia and Holyroodhouse. Holyroodhouse closes Tuesdays and Wednesdays outside high summer, with no alternative offered.
Check Availability
from £26
Edinburgh: Hop-On Hop-Off Bus Pass with 3 City Tours
Three routes on one pass for 24 or 48 hours, including the Majestic Tour out to Newhaven and Britannia. The Edinburgh Tour route carries a live English guide rather than recorded audio.
Check Availability
from £20
Edinburgh: City Sightseeing Hop-On Hop-Off Bus Tour
A single 24-hour ticket on one 70-minute loop of 15 stops, with a Horrible Histories children's channel. Up to three kids travel free per paying adult, which the multi-route passes do not offer.
Check Availability
from £25
Edinburgh: The Royal Yacht Britannia Ticket
Admission to the former royal yacht in Leith, self-paced over roughly two hours with an audio handset in 36 languages. The ticket doubles as an annual pass for 12 months.
Check Availability
from £35
Edinburgh Castle: Guided Walking Tour with Entry Ticket
Castle entry ticket plus a 75-minute guided walk of the grounds, offered in five languages. The tour stays outdoors, and you explore the Great Hall, museums and prisons on your own afterwards.
Check Availability
from £19.80
Edinburgh: Big Bus Hop-On, Hop-Off Tour by Open-Top Bus
Two routes across 15 City stops plus a Britannia loop, on a 24- or 48-hour ticket with an app for live bus tracking. Dogs are welcome, and it is the only bus ticket here that says so.
Check AvailabilityPrices, ratings and details are the platform's own, checked 2026-08-30; dollar figures are the listed prices — the platform bills in your account's currency.
The Royal Edinburgh Ticket against buying the same three entries
Every single-ticket figure here is the official advance price read on the venue's own shop on 30 August 2026 — Historic Environment Scotland for the castle, the Royal Collection Trust for the palace, the Royal Yacht Britannia's own site — and the pass price is Edinburgh Bus Tours' own published rate for the same date.
| What you are buying | Adult | Senior or concession | Child |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edinburgh Castle, official advance | £23.50 | £19.00 concession | £14.00, ages 7–15 |
| Palace of Holyroodhouse, official advance | £22.00 | £22.00 — no senior rate exists | £11.00, ages 5–17 |
| Royal Yacht Britannia, official advance | £23.00 April–October | £23.00 — no senior rate exists | £11.50, ages 7–15 |
| Three entries, bought separately | £68.50 (about $93) | £64.00 (about $87) | £36.50 (about $50) |
| Royal Edinburgh Ticket | £81.00 (about $110) | £76.00 (about $103) | £43.00 (about $58) |
| Difference on entries alone | The pass costs £12.50 more | The pass costs £12.00 more | The pass costs £6.50 more |
| Add the 48-hour three-route bus pass | £94.50 separately | £90.00 separately | Child bus rate not published |
| Difference once the buses count | The pass saves £13.50 | The pass saves £14.00 | Not calculable |
Adult and child figures use the advance rates; buying all three at the gate instead costs £77 an adult, which is where the operator's larger saving claim comes from. Watch the age bands: the pass's senior rate starts at 60, the castle's concession at 65, and neither the palace nor Britannia publishes a senior rate at all. The 48-hour bus figure is the three-route pass at £26; a single-route 24-hour ticket is £20. This is the calculation the operator's "save up to 25%" banner does not show.
The verdict, one sentence per traveller
The arithmetic above answers for one shape of trip. Here is what it means for the shapes people actually turn up with.
A first-time couple, two days, castle and palace and Britannia, walking everywhere. Pay separately: £68.50 each rather than £81, and you keep the freedom to move a day.
The same couple who would genuinely ride the hop-on hop-off buses. Buy the Royal Edinburgh Ticket: £81 against £94.50 for the same components, a real £13.50 saving, and the buses reach Britannia in Leith, which is the one stop that is a genuine journey rather than a walk.
Anyone arriving on a Tuesday or Wednesday between mid-September and mid-May. Do not buy it. The palace is closed on those two days and Edinburgh Bus Tours states plainly that no alternative is offered — you would be paying £81 for two attractions worth £46.50.
Anyone whose castle date is already sold out. Buy it, and treat the £12.50 as insurance rather than a saving: Edinburgh Bus Tours states it guarantees entry for Royal Edinburgh Ticket customers even when the castle's own website is sold out. It cannot be arranged before you arrive, so this is a decision made at the Waterloo Place desk.
A family with children. Skip the child pass. A child's £43 buys entries worth £36.50 plus a bus seat that Edinburgh Bus Tours gives away anyway — its own bus tickets carry up to three free child tickets with each adult or senior ticket bought. Buy adult tickets and let the children ride free.
Anyone spending a week or more in Scotland with three or more castles in it. The Explorer Pass at £48, not a city pass at all.
Anyone whose list is museums and galleries. No pass. The National Museum of Scotland, both national galleries and four council museums are free, and no pass in Scotland makes a free museum cheaper.
Why we would not buy the two-day pass ourselves
Because 48 hours is a tight clock in a city where the palace publishes two closed weekdays for eight months of the year and the castle books slots at a desk you have to reach first. The pass rewards a very specific trip: arrive, exchange the voucher at Waterloo Place, ride, see all three attractions inside two days, and want the buses regardless. Miss one attraction and the saving is gone — the operator states there are no refunds if you skip an included attraction.
The separate tickets have the opposite property. They cost £12.50 more per person only in the version of the trip where you would also have bought a bus pass, and they let you put the castle on Monday and Britannia on Thursday if the forecast says so.
The Royal Edinburgh Ticket in detail: what the 48 hours actually buy
It is the pass most visitors mean when they search for an Edinburgh city pass, and it is not a card at all — it is a voucher exchanged for three attraction tickets and a bus pass.
The mechanics matter more than the price. You exchange the voucher at Waterloo Place, opposite the Apex Waterloo Hotel, and it is the Edinburgh Bus Tours ticket seller who books your castle timed entry slot.
| Component | Single price on 30 August 2026 | What the pass changes |
|---|---|---|
| Edinburgh Castle | £23.50 advance, £26 at the gate | Guaranteed entry, slot booked at the exchange desk |
| Palace of Holyroodhouse | £22 advance, £26 on the day | Join the next available tour; audio guide in 9 languages |
| Royal Yacht Britannia | £23 online April–October, £25 on the door | Join the next tour; multilingual handset included |
| CitySightseeing Edinburgh | Part of the £26 three-route pass | Recorded commentary in nine languages, Horrible Histories for children |
| The Edinburgh Tour | Part of the same £26 pass | The one route with a live English-speaking guide |
| The Regal Tour | Part of the same £26 pass | Runs down to the Royal Botanic Garden and the Shore in Leith |
That is why the operator's own FAQ says the guarantee "cannot be arranged in advance of your visit": there is no way to lock a castle time before you are standing in Edinburgh. At Britannia and at the palace you join the next available tour rather than a booked slot.
The 48 hours run consecutively from first use, with one exception the operator states: the Palace of Holyroodhouse portion "will be accepted outwith this period if required". Everything else — the three bus routes, the castle, Britannia — lives inside the two days.
The closure that voids it, in the operator's own words
Edinburgh Bus Tours publishes the palace's closures on its own product page, which is more than most resellers do. Two 2026 closure windows — 12 to 20 May and 26 June to 3 July — are covered: Royal Edinburgh Ticket holders are offered entry to The King's Gallery and a palace guidebook instead. The weekly closure is not. The page reads: "Palace is CLOSED TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY each week and no alternative is offered (open 7 days 21 May – 14 Sep only)."
So between 15 September and 20 May, a Tuesday or Wednesday inside your 48 hours costs you the palace with nothing in its place. Since the abbey and the palace gardens are only reachable on the palace ticket, that closure takes three things off the list at once. The palace page has the full 2026 closure calendar; check it before you buy anything, pass or single.
What it does not include
The audio handset at Edinburgh Castle is charged on site — the pass covers the handsets at Britannia and the palace but not that one. There is no refund for an attraction you skip. Tram travel is not part of it, so the airport journey is your own £7.90 single or £9.50 open return, which the getting around page prices against the £6 Airlink bus and the £2.40 city fare on services 17 and 18.
One thing nobody publishes: a family price for the Royal Edinburgh Ticket. Edinburgh Bus Tours prints adult, senior and child rates and nothing else, so a family works it out per head — which, given the free child bus seats on its own ordinary tickets, is usually an argument for singles.
The Historic Scotland Explorer Pass: 14 days, about 60 sites, one large exclusion
This is the pass to buy for a Scottish trip rather than an Edinburgh weekend, and the exclusion in its terms is the one that catches royal-tour visitors.
£48 for an adult, £39 concession for over-65s, students and unemployed visitors, £29 for a child aged 7 to 15, and £100 for a family of two adults and up to three children. Under-7s are free with an adult.
| Sites you would actually use | Single adult price | Running total |
|---|---|---|
| Edinburgh Castle | £23.50 advance | £23.50 |
| Stirling Castle | £18.50 advance | £42.00 — still under the pass |
| Urquhart Castle, on a Loch Ness day | £14.00 advance | £56.00 — the pass is now ahead by £8 |
| Craigmillar, Linlithgow, Blackness, Dirleton, Tantallon, Aberdour, Cairnpapple | Charged individually | Every one after the third is free |
It runs for 14 consecutive days from the start date you choose, covers roughly 60 sites in the summer season of 1 April to 31 October 2026 and about 32 in winter — the winter pass is cheaper but was still not on sale on 30 August 2026.
What it does not cover, and why that matters here
Historic Environment Scotland names the exclusions itself: "The Palace of Holyrood House and Holyrood Abbey, Calanais Visitor Centre and Kinnaird Head Lighthouse", plus "Properties in the care of the National Trust for Scotland" and Historic Houses Association members. HES states the palace rule twice over, because visitors keep assuming otherwise: "To visit the abbey you must pay the entrance fee to the Palace of Holyroodhouse (this includes Historic Scotland Members and Explorer Pass holders)."
That is the whole problem with this pass in Edinburgh. The classic pairing — castle at one end of the Royal Mile, palace at the other — is never one product, on any pass sold in this city. The Explorer Pass takes the castle end; the Royal Edinburgh Ticket is the only thing that takes both, and it takes 48 hours to do it.
What pass holders do get beyond entry is 20 per cent off audio tours bought in person at Edinburgh and Stirling Castles and Glasgow Cathedral — on a £4 castle audio guide, 80p.
Explorer Pass or membership: the £24 question
Historic Scotland membership is £72 on a card and £64 by annual Direct Debit, which needs a UK bank account. The break-even is different for each.
| Product | Adult price | Valid for | Breaks even at |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single castle ticket, online | £23.50 (about $32) | One dated entry | — |
| Explorer Pass, summer season | £48 (about $65) | 14 consecutive days, about 60 sites | Just over two paid sites |
| Historic Scotland membership, card | £72 (about $98) | 12 months, all ticketed sites | Just over three paid sites |
| Membership by annual Direct Debit | £64 (about $87) | 12 months, UK bank account required | Under three paid sites |
Against the £48 Explorer Pass that is £24 more for twelve months rather than fourteen days, unlimited re-entry rather than one visit per site, free entry for members at the castle and free places on its Official Guided Tour.
The Explorer Pass pays for itself just past two large castles; membership takes just over three. A single Scottish holiday almost always wants the pass. Two trips inside a year, a family with a Scottish base, or anyone who will go back for the Stirling and Linlithgow end of the country wants the membership. Neither of them opens the palace.
The Edinburgh City Pass: a private product, sold as 'from' prices
This is the one most search results mean by "Edinburgh City Pass", and the first thing worth knowing is who sells it.
It is not the council's and it is not VisitScotland's. My Scottish Pass sells it, and Forever Edinburgh lists it. It comes in 1, 2 and 3-day versions, advertises "access to 20 experiences", and publishes only lead-in prices: from £70 per person with the Edinburgh Castle Walking Tour including castle entry, from £55 without the castle, and a two-day example "From £75.00". There is no clean adult and child grid on the site, which is the reason this page cannot price it against singles the way it prices the Royal Edinburgh Ticket. That is a negative finding, not an oversight: we looked for the grid on 30 August 2026 and it does not exist.
The operator's own rules are clear enough where they exist. The pass "becomes active upon your first experience visit", each pass is "valid per calendar day" rather than 24 hours from activation, and children aged 5 to 16 enter free on a child pass with under-5s free too. Some experiences require pre-booking and are marked as such. The distillery tour is adults only. Edinburgh Castle "is included on some Edinburgh City Pass options" — not all of them, which is exactly the sentence to read twice before you choose a tier.
- Calendar days, not 24-hour blocks — a pass activated at 15:00 has burned a day by dinner
- Free return airport tram travel is bundled and works independently of the pass, so using it does not start the clock; the same open return costs £9.50 bought from Edinburgh Trams
- Child passes are free entry, which makes the family case stronger here than on the Royal Edinburgh Ticket
- Free cancellation is advertised at 24 hours
- The castle version costs £15 more than the version without it, against a £23.50 official castle ticket — the one figure on the page that can be checked
How to test it against your own list in five minutes
Open the seller's experience list, write down only the attractions you were going to pay for anyway, and price them from the tickets index at the official rates. Then compare. The trap in every city pass is the long list: twenty experiences sounds like value until you notice how many of them are free at the door in a city where the national museum, both national galleries, four council museums and the cathedral charge nothing.
The second test is the clock. Three consecutive calendar days is a real constraint in a city where the palace closes two weekdays for eight months and the Scott Monument shuts for lunch. If your list needs four days to see comfortably, the three-day pass is a rush you paid for.
And there is no discount code worth hunting. Neither My Scottish Pass nor Edinburgh Bus Tours nor Historic Environment Scotland publishes one for these passes; what exists instead are the structural reductions on the tickets page — Young Scot, carers, benefits rates and the online-versus-gate gap.
The case for no pass at all
Edinburgh is a weak pass city, and the reason is structural rather than a judgement about value.
Three facts do it. The first: the free half. The National Museum of Scotland, the Scottish National Gallery, the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, the Museum of Edinburgh, The People's Story, the Writers' Museum, the City Art Centre, St Giles' Cathedral on a suggested donation, Greyfriars Kirkyard, Arthur's Seat, Calton Hill and the Royal Botanic Garden are all free, all year. A pass cannot discount them.
The second: the paid sights are cheap by European capital standards and mostly close together. Three of the four biggest are inside £25 an adult, and the fourth — the castle — is the one attraction whose ticket you need to hold regardless.
The third: the two products that bundle them both carry conditions that a two-day visitor can trip over. Forty-eight consecutive hours, a palace with two closed weekdays, a castle slot that cannot be reserved before arrival, and no refund for an attraction you miss.
So the default recommendation on this site is: no pass, book the castle, pay at the door for the rest, and put the £12.50 you did not spend into the Scotch Whisky Experience or a decent lunch. Buy a pass only when your own arithmetic — not the seller's banner — says otherwise.
The one product that is not a pass and is often the right answer
If what you actually want is to get about rather than to save on entries, the three-route bus pass at £26 or the single-route 24-hour ticket at £20 does that job without bundling anything. The 24-hour ticket carries up to three free child tickets per paying adult, which no attraction pass matches.
And if you want neither, Edinburgh's own fares are cheaper still: a Lothian single is £2.40, the Tap Tap Cap daily cap is £5.70, and almost everything on a first-timer's list sits inside a twenty-minute walk of the Royal Mile. The getting around page has the full fare table and the tram rules.
Edinburgh city pass questions
Is the Edinburgh City Pass worth it?
Only if your list matches the pass's list. The Edinburgh City Pass publishes 'from' prices — from £70 with a castle walking tour, from £55 without — and no full adult and child grid, so the only way to judge it is to price your own attractions from the tickets index and compare. In a city where the national museum, both national galleries, four council museums and the cathedral cost nothing, a twenty-experience list flatters the maths. For most two-day visitors the honest answer is no.
Is the Royal Edinburgh Ticket worth it?
It depends on one thing: whether you would ride the buses anyway. The three entries it covers — castle, palace, Britannia — cost £68.50 bought separately in advance against £81 for the pass, so on entries alone it loses by £12.50. Add the £26 three-route bus pass that it also replaces and it saves £13.50. It also guarantees castle entry when the castle's own site is sold out, which is worth the premium on a full date. The full table is above.
What does the Edinburgh City Pass include?
My Scottish Pass advertises "access to 20 experiences" over 1, 2 or 3 consecutive calendar days, plus an open-return airport tram transfer that works independently of the pass. Edinburgh Castle is included on some options and not others — the £70 tier includes a castle walking tour with entry, the £55 tier does not. Child passes for ages 5 to 16 are free entry and under-5s go free. The distillery tour is adults only, and experiences that need pre-booking are marked on the seller's list.
Does the Historic Scotland Explorer Pass include the palace?
No, and Historic Environment Scotland says so twice. The pass excludes "The Palace of Holyrood House and Holyrood Abbey", and the abbey page adds that to see the abbey you must pay the palace entrance fee — "this includes Historic Scotland Members and Explorer Pass holders". National Trust for Scotland properties are excluded too. What it does cover is about 60 Historic Scotland sites for 14 consecutive days at £48, Stirling and the castle among them.
Which Edinburgh pass includes castle entry?
Three do, in different ways. The Royal Edinburgh Ticket includes it and books your slot when you exchange the voucher at Waterloo Place. The Historic Scotland Explorer Pass includes it, though you are still asked to book a date online. The Edinburgh City Pass includes it only on the tiers that carry the castle walking tour. If the castle is the whole reason for buying a pass, compare all three against the plain official ticket at £23.50 first.
Is there an Edinburgh city pass discount code?
None of the three sellers publishes one. Edinburgh Bus Tours advertises seasonal percentages on its own bus tickets rather than codes, Historic Environment Scotland lists no promotional code for the Explorer Pass, and My Scottish Pass sells at 'from' prices with a free-cancellation policy instead. The reductions that genuinely exist in this city are structural — the Young Scot £1 rate, free carer tickets, benefits rates and the gap between online and gate prices — and they are set out on the tickets index.
How long is each Edinburgh pass valid?
The Royal Edinburgh Ticket runs 48 consecutive hours from first use, though the operator says the Palace of Holyroodhouse portion "will be accepted outwith this period if required". The Historic Scotland Explorer Pass runs 14 consecutive days from the start date you choose. The Edinburgh City Pass runs 1, 2 or 3 consecutive calendar days and activates at your first experience visit, not at purchase — so an afternoon start burns a whole day.
Where to go from here
Edinburgh tickets index
Every ticketed sight with the price its own shop charged on 30 August 2026, plus the free half of the city: the index these passes are measured against.
Edinburgh Castle tickets
The single ticket every pass is really selling you, at £23.50 online: the official grid, the flexi option and what to do when a date sells out.
Palace of Holyroodhouse
Check this before you buy any 48-hour pass: the closure calendar, including the Tuesday and Wednesday shutdown that runs from mid-September to late May.
Are the Buses and Bundles Worth It? Three Visitor Verdicts
Three films that test the parts of these passes a table cannot show — what the hop-on hop-off routes are actually like, and how the bundled attractions hold up against their reputations.
Edinburgh Hop On Hop Off Bus Tours: Worth It or Waste of Money?
The bus half of the Royal Edinburgh Ticket, judged on its own — the component the £81 arithmetic turns on.
Video: Travels UnfilteredI Tested 5 Tourist Traps in Edinburgh: How Bad Are They Really?
A visitor's verdict on the paid attractions the passes bundle, useful before you commit to a list.
Video: Kakibot's GuidebookEdinburgh: City Sightseeing Hop-On Hop-Off Bus Tour
A ride along the City Sightseeing route, one of the three included on the bus pass.
Video: Budget Travel AdventuresVideos load from YouTube only when you press play.
Page last reviewed 2026-08-30. Prices, hours and terms are set by the venue or operator and confirmed at checkout.
We may earn a commission if you book through one of our links, at no extra cost to you. Full affiliate disclosure